commercial reel

1) General subject: visual, advert, advertising clip

2) Engineering: preview trailer, trailer

3) Economy: advertising spot, advertising videoclip, block of commercials, spot

4) Cinema: promo tape, publicity trailer (выпускаемого фильма)

5) Radio: spiel

6) TV: countercommercial

7) Advertising: quickie, commercial reel

8) Mass media: advertising filmlet

9) Business: commercial, commercial film, ad video (АД), advert video (АД), advertisement video (АД)

papier [papje]

1. masculine noun

   a. ( = matière) paper

• morceau/bout de papier piece/bit of paper

• de or en papier paper

• mets-moi cela sur papier let me have that in writing

• sur le papier ( = théoriquement) on paper

   b. ( = feuille écrite) paper ; ( = feuille blanche) sheet of paper ; ( = article de presse) article

• être dans les petits papiers de qn to be in sb's good books

• un papier à signer/à remplir a form to be signed/filled in

   c. ( = emballage) paper

   d. papiers (d'identité) (identity) papers

• ses papiers ne sont pas en règle his papers are not in order

2. compounds

► papier absorbant kitchen paper

► papier alu (inf), papier aluminium tinfoil

► papier brouillon, papier de brouillon rough paper

► papier buvard blotting paper

► papier cadeau wrapping paper

► papier calque tracing paper

► papier à cigarettes cigarette paper

► papier crépon crêpe paper

► papier à dessin drawing paper

► papier électronique electronic paper, e-paper

► papier d'emballage wrapping paper ; (brun, kraft) brown paper

► papier à en-tête headed notepaper

► papier glacé glazed paper

► papiers gras ( = ordures) litter

► papier hygiénique toilet paper

► papier journal newspaper

► papier kraft ® brown wrapping paper

► papier à lettres writing paper

► papier libre plain unheaded paper

► papier mâché papier-mâché

• avoir une mine de papier mâché to have a pasty complexion ► papier millimétré graph paper

► papier à musique manuscript (Brit) or music (US) paper

► papier paraffiné wax paper ; (de cuisine) greaseproof (Brit) or wax (US) paper

► papier peint wallpaper

► papier sulfurisé wax paper

► papier toilette toilet paper

► papier de verre sandpaper

* * *

nom masculin

1) ( matière) paper

2) ( document) paper

3) (colloq) ( article de journal) article, piece (colloq)

papiers nom masculin pluriel Administration documents, papers

- papier absorbant

- papier alu

- papier brouillon

- papier buvard

- papier cadeau

- papier carbone

- papier à cigarettes

- papier crépon

- papier à dessin

- papier d'emballage

- papier glacé

- papier hygiénique

- papier journal

- papier à lettres

- papier mâché

- papier millimétré

- papier à musique

- papier peint

- papier pelure

- papier de verre

- papiers gras

••

* * *

1. nm

1) (= matériau) paper

2) (= feuille) sheet of paper, piece of paper

3) PRESSE (= article) article

4) (= écrit officiel) document

2. papiers nmpl

(papiers d'identité) papers, identity papers

* * *

papier

A nm

1 ( matière) paper; du papier blanc/de couleur white/coloured^GB paper; bout/feuille/morceau de papier scrap/sheet/piece of paper; jeter or coucher des idées sur le papier to get ou put one's ideas down on paper; sortie sur papier Ordinat hardcopy output; pâte à papier pulp;

2 ( document) paper; jeter de vieux papiers à la poubelle to throw out some old papers; classer/ranger des papiers to file/sort some papers; papiers personnels personal ou private papers;

3 ○( article de journal) article, piece○.

B papiers nmpl Admin documents, papers; papiers d'identité (identity) papers ou documents; avoir des papiers en règle to have one's papers in order.

papier absorbant kitchen towel, paper towel US; papier (d')aluminium or papier alu○ (aluminium GB ou aluminum US) foil, kitchen foil; papier d'argent silver paper; papier d'Arménie incense paper; papier par avion airmail paper; papier bible India ou bible paper; papier brouillon rough paper GB, scrap paper; papier bulle unbleached paper; papier buvard blotting paper; papier cadeau gift wrap, wrapping paper; papier canson® drawing paper; papier carbone carbon paper; papier chiffon rag paper; papier à cigarettes cigarette paper; fin comme du papier à cigarettes [tarte, tranche] wafer-thin; papier collant adhesive tape; papier court Fin short exchange; papier crépon crepe paper; papier à dessin drawing paper; papier d'emballage wrapping paper; papier à en-tête headed notepaper; papier glacé glossy ou shiny paper; papier goudronné tar paper; papier hygiénique toilet paper ou tissue; papier Japon Japanese paper; papier journal newsprint; papier kraft Manila paper; papier à lettres writing paper, notepaper; papier libre plain paper; papier mâché papier-mâché; papier machine typing paper; papier millimétré graph paper; papier ministre foolscap paper; papier à musique music paper; être réglé comme du papier à musique [vie] to be highly regimented; papier offset offset paper; papier paraffiné wax paper; papier peint wallpaper; papier pelure onionskin (paper); papier pH litmus paper; papier photographique photographic paper; papier de riz rice paper; papier de soie tissue paper; papier timbré stamped paper; papier toilette = papier hygiénique; papier sulfurisé greaseproof paper; papier tournesol litmus paper; papier tue-mouche flypaper; papier vélin vellum paper; papier vergé laid paper; papier de verre sandpaper, glasspaper; papiers gras litter ¢.

être dans les petits papiers de qn to be in sb's good books; avoir une mine de papier mâché to be pasty faced, to have a pasty complexion.

[papje] nom masculin

1. [matériau] paper

a. [adhésif] adhesive tape

b. [gommé] gummed paper ou strip

2. [morceau] piece of paper

[page] sheet of paper, piece of paper

3. PRESSE article, piece

4. ADMINISTRATION papers

5. BANQUE

papier financier ou de crédit bank credit note

————————

de papier locution adjectivale,

en papier locution adjectivale

lanterne en papier paper lantern

————————

papiers gras nom masculin pluriel

litter

1) ( колёсико) roller

2) кино ( катушка с кинолентой) reel

3) ( короткометражный фильм) reel

4) эл. ( изолятор для проводов) (porcelain [-slɪn]) insulator

5) мн. разг. = ро́ликовые коньки́ (см. роликовый)

SUBJECT AREA: Photography, film and optics

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As a young man Georges Demenÿ was a pioneer of physical education in France, and this led him to contact the physiologist Professor Marey in 1880. Marey had made a special study of animal movement, and Demenÿ hoped to work with him on research into physiological problems related to gymnastics. He joined Marey the following year, and when in 1882 the Physiological Station was set up near Paris to develop sequence photography for the study of movement. Demenÿ was made Head of the laboratory. He worked with the multiple-image fixed-plate cameras, and was chiefly responsible for the analysis of the records, having considerable mathematical and graphical ability. He also appeared as the subject in a number of the sequences. When in 1888 Marey began the development of a film camera, Demenÿ was involved in its design and operation. He became interested in the possibility of using animated sequence photographs as an aid to teaching of the deaf. He made close-up records of himself speaking short phrases, "Je vous aime" and "Vive la France" for example, which were published in such journals as Paris Photographe and La Nature in 1891 and 1892. To present these in motion, he devised the Phonoscope, which he patented on 3 March 1892. The series of photographs were mounted around the circumference of a disc and viewed through a counter-rotating slotted disc. The moving images could be viewed directly, or projected onto a screen. La Nature reported tests he had made in which deaf lip readers could interpret accurately what was being said. On 20 December 1892 Demenÿ formed a company, Société Générale du Phonoscope, to exploit his invention, hoping that "speaking portraits" might replace family-album pictures. This commercial activity led to a rift between Marey and Demenÿ in July 1893. Deprived of access to the film cameras, Demenÿ developed designs of his own, patenting new camera models in France on 10 October 1893 and 27 July 1894. The design covered by the latter had been included in English and German patents filed in December 1893, and was to be of some significance in the early development of cinematography. It was for an intermittent movement of the film, which used an eccentrically mounted blade or roller that, as it rotated, bore on the film, pulling down the length of one frame. As the blade moved away, the film loop so formed was taken up by the rotation of the take-up reel. This "beater" movement was employed extensively in the early years of cinematography, being effective yet inexpensive. It was first employed in the Chronophotographe apparatus marketed by Gaumont, to whom Demenÿ had licensed the patent rights, from the autumn of 1896. Demenÿ's work provided a link between the scientific purposes of sequence photography— chronophotography—and the introduction of commercial cinematography.

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1) тех. roller, castor; ( ізолятор для проводів) ( porcelain) insulator/cleat; ( у вигляді кульки) ball; ( на меблях) castor, trundle

2) ( для кіно) reel

3)